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Institutional betrayal is a neologism introduced by Jennifer Freyd and her students in 2009 ((Platt, Barton, & Freyd, 2009 )).〔Platt, M., Barton, J., & Freyd, J.J. (2009). A betrayal trauma perspective on domestic violence. In E. Stark & E. S. Buzawa (Eds.) Violence against Women in Families and Relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 185-207). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.〕 It refers to "wrongdoings perpetrated by an institution upon individuals dependent on that institution, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals (e.g. sexual assault) committed within the context of the institution". It is an extension of betrayal trauma (theory ). In a landmark study, (Carly P. Smith and Jennifer Freyd (2013) ) documented psychological harm caused by institutional betrayal.〔Smith, C.P. & Freyd, J.J. (2013). Dangerous Safe Havens: Institutional Betrayal Exacerbates Sexual Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 119-124.〕 A legal analysis concludes that this study is reliable under Frye and Daubert standards.〔http://wendymurphylaw.com/JD_PhDbetrayaltrauma.pdf〕 When institutions such as universities cover up violations such as rape, sexual assault and Child sexual abuse (as in the Jerry Sandusky case), this institutional betrayal〔http://www.buzzfeed.com/katiejmbaker/rape-victims-dont-trust-the-fixers-colleges-hire-to-help-the〕 undermines survivors' recovery. The term is receiving increased attention based on recent White House statements about sexual assault on college campuses. The term is also used by the Our Harvard Can Do Better student group at Harvard University. Recent debate about how colleges respond to sexual assault by students has brought this issue renewed media attention.〔http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/scientists/names.html〕〔http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/25/rape-uva-campus-policies_n_6214896.html?utm_hp_ref=college〕〔http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/7/college-campus-sexualassaultsafetydatawhitehousegender.html〕 Institutional betrayal can occur within families, governments and the military, organizations, workplaces, religious institutions, or any organizational system in which people are dependent on systemic protection. Individuals who have experienced extensive trauma appear to be both less satisfied with police responses in the face of an intimate partner violence incident and more distrustful of police.〔Tamaian, A. & Klest, B. (2014). (Rate of revictimization exacerbates both dissatisfaction and distrust with the police in survivors of intimate partner violence ). Poster to be presented at the Canadian Psychological Association 75th Annual Convention, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 5–7, 2014.〕 Therefore, these individuals may experience feelings of institutional betrayal due to a perceived failure of the police to prevent further revictimization. Individuals who have been frequently retraumatized are also the ones most likely to utilize health care and mental health services. Institutional betrayal in the medical system is currently being investigated in the Canadian health care system. It is hypothesized that institutional betrayal in the medical system will explain symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety above and beyond the effects of general tendencies to trust others or the patient satisfaction with the care received.〔Tamaian, A. (2014). Institutional betrayal in the medical system: Development, reliability, and validity of a self-report questionnaire (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Regina, Regina SK.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Institutional betrayal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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